Automatic speech recognition (ASR) using deep learning is essential for user interfaces on IoT devices. However, previously published ASR chips [4-7] do not consider realistic operating conditions, which are typically noisy and may include more than one speaker. Furthermore, several of these works have implemented only small-vocabulary tasks, such as keyword-spotting (KWS), where context-blind deep neural network (DNN) algorithms are adequate. However, for large-vocabulary tasks (e.g., >100k words), the more complex bidirectional RNNs with an attention mechanism [1] provide context learning in long sequences, which improve ASR accuracy by up to 62% on the 200kwords LibriSpeech dataset, compared to a simpler unidirectional RNN (Fig. 9.8.1). Attention-based networks emphasize the most relevant parts of the source sequence during each decoding time step. In doing so, the encoder sequence is treated as a soft-addressable memory whose positions are weighted based on the state of the decoder RNN. Bidirectional RNNs learn past and future temporal information by concatenating forward and backward time steps.

url: “https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9366062”,